The catheter used for hemodialysis is a tunneled catheter because it is placed under the skin. Non-cuffed tunneled catheters are used for emergencies and for short periods. Tunneled cuffed catheters, a type recommended by the NKF for temporary access, can be used for longer than 3 weeks.

By taking good care of your access, it will last longer and you will prevent problems such as infection and clotting.

You should always:

1. Keep the catheter dressing clean and dry.

2. Make sure the area of the insertion site is clean and your care team changes the dressing at each dialysis session.

3. Keep an emergency dressing kit at home, in case you need to change your dressing in between treatments.

4. Never remove the cap on the end of your catheter. Air must not enter the catheter.

5. You can shower or bath if you have a clear dressing that sticks to your catheter site and the skin around it. 

6. Wear a mask over your nose and mouth anytime the catheter is opened to prevent bacteria from entering the catheter and your bloodstream.

7. The caps and the clamps of your catheter should be kept tightly closed when not being used for dialysis.

8. If the area around your catheter feels sore or looks red, call your dialysis care team at once.

9. Know your Kt/V and URR (urea reduction ratio). Kt/V and URR are numbers that tell you how much dialysis you should get and are getting.

A nebulizer is a piece of medical equipment that a person with asthma or another respiratory condition can use to administer medication directly and quickly to the lungs. A nebulizer turns liquid medicine into a very fine mist that a person can inhale through a nebulizer mask or mouthpiece.

Doctors typically prescribe nebulizers to people with lung disorders like asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis.

In general, a nebulizer is very easy to use, with only a few basic steps:

1. Wash the hands.
2. Add the medicine to the medicine cup, according to the doctor’s prescription.
3. Assemble the top piece, tubing, mask, and mouthpiece.
4. Attach the tubing to the machine, according to the instructions.
5. Turn the nebulizer on; they can be battery- or electrically powered.
6. While using the nebulizer, hold the mouthpiece and medicine cup upright to help deliver all the medication.
7. Take slow, deep breaths through the mouthpiece and inhale all the medicine.

It is advisable to speak with the doctor or call the manufacturer with any questions or concerns about the device.

The oxygen flow metre is attached to either a bottle of oxygen or a medical wall supply of oxygen. This oxygen is pure, as it is 100% oxygen. So, anything that comes out of that oxygen flow metre has a FiO2 rate of 100%.

An oxygen flow metre is used with medical oxygen cylinders. This is used for regulating the supply of oxygen to the patient from the cylinder. The gauge ranges from 0-250 K per cm² and the flow-meter range is 0-10 litres per minute.

It chiefly consists of gas pressure gauge, pressure reducer, safety valve, flow tube, flow control valve, and humidification bottle, and other parts. Oxygen flow meter is primarily used to regulate the flow of oxygen, oxygen humidification.

The working principle of a flow-meter is that the oxygen in the bottle (i.e. Oxygen Source) is reduced by the pressure reducer. The pressure action adjusts from the original high-pressure oxygen to low-pressure oxygen, and after the flow is regulated by the oxygen flow meters, it can be output by the output nozzle at a continual flow value.

The normal flow rate of oxygen is usually 6 to 10 litres per minute and provides a concentration of oxygen between 40-60%. This is why they are frequently referred to as medium concentration masks, as 40%-60% is believed to be a medium concentration of oxygen.

A central venous catheter, which is also called a central line, is a tube that doctors place in a large vein in the neck, chest, groin, or arm to give fluids, blood, or medications or to do medical tests rapidly.

A central line is essential when you need drugs given through your veins over a long period of time, or when you required a kidney dialysis. In these cases, a central line is easier and less painful than having needles put in your veins every time you need therapy.

Central venous catheters are used to give long-term medical treatment for pain, infection, or cancer, or to supply nutrition. A central venous catheter can be left in place far longer than an intravenous catheter (IV), which gives medicines into a vein near the skin surface.

A central venous catheter can stay for weeks or months, and some patients receive treatment through the line several times a day.

A central venous catheter, which is also called a central line, is a tube that doctors place in a large vein in the neck, chest, groin, or arm to give fluids, blood, or medications or to do medical tests rapidly.

A central line is essential when you need drugs given through your veins over a long period of time, or when you required a kidney dialysis. In these cases, a central line is easier and less painful than having needles put in your veins every time you need therapy.

Central venous catheters are used to give long-term medical treatment for pain, infection, or cancer, or to supply nutrition. A central venous catheter can be left in place far longer than an intravenous catheter (IV), which gives medicines into a vein near the skin surface.

A central venous catheter can stay for weeks or months, and some patients receive treatment through the line several times a day.